Massacre at Babyn Yar in late September 1941

By Ruzeki, Shadow News  

September 29, 2023 

In late September 1941, Nazi German perpetrated one of the largest massacres of World War II at Babyn Yar ravine outside Kyiv, Ukraine. 

Summary: 

• Babyn Yar in Kyiv was the site of one of the largest mass shootings of Jews in German-occupied Europe. It occurred on September 29–30, 1941. 
• Nazi Germans continued to perpetrate mass murders at this killing site until just before the Soviets re-took control of Kyiv in 1943. 
• During this period, Germans shot Jews, as well as Roma, View This Term in the Glossary Ukrainian civilians, and Soviet POWs. 
• In the decades after the war,  Babyn Yar symbolized the struggle over the memory of World War II and the Holocaust in the Soviet Union. 

On September 19, 1941, Nazi German forces entered the city of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. Along with a large part of German-occupied Ukraine, the city was incorporated into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, which had been established on September 1 with Erich Koch as administrator (Reichskommissar). 

Before the German invasion, some 160,000 Jews resided in Kyiv. This was approximately 20 percent of the total population of the city. 

Following the start of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, approximately 100,000 Jews fled Kyiv or were already serving in the Soviet military. 

By the time the Germans occupied Kyiv, there were about 60,000 Jews remaining in the city. Most of those who remained had been unable or unwilling to flee earlier. This included mostly women, children, the elderly, and those who were ill. 

During the first week of the German occupation of Kyiv, there were two major explosions. These explosions destroyed the German headquarters and areas around the main street of the city center (Khreshchatyk Street). 

A large number of German soldiers and officials were also killed in the blasts. Though the explosions were caused by mines left by retreating Soviet soldiers and officials, the Germans used the sabotage as a pretext to murder those Jews who still remained in Kyiv. 

On September 29–30, 1941, German police units and their auxiliaries, under the guidance of members of Einsatzgruppe C, murdered a significant number of the Jewish population who remained in Kyiv. 

The massacre occurred at a ravine called Babyn Yar (Babi Yar). At the time, the ravine was located just outside the city. 

The victims were summoned to the site, forced to undress, and then compelled to enter the ravine. Sonderkommando 4a, a special detachment from Einsatzgruppe C under SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel, shot them in small groups. 

According to reports sent to the headquarters in Berlin, 33,771 Jews were massacred during this two-day period. 

The massacre at Babyn Yar was one of many mass shootings perpetrated by the Nazi Germans beginning in 1941. It was also one of the largest mass killings at a single location during World War II. 

The ravine at Babyn Yar was a killing site for two years after the September 1941 massacre. There, Germans stationed at Kyiv murdered tens of thousands of people, both Jews and non-Jews; including patients from a local psychiatric hospital, Roma (Gypsies), Soviet prisoners of war, and civilians. 

The killings at the Babyn Yar ravine continued until the fall of 1943, only a few days before the Soviets re-took control of Kyiv on November 6. 

It is estimated that some 100,000 people, Jews and non-Jews, were murdered at Babyn Yar. 

With the Red Army approaching Kyiv in August 1943, Germans embarked on a cover-up operation to conceal what had been happening in Babyn Yar. 

To cover up the mass shootings at Babyn Yar, the Germans ordered 321 prisoners from Syrets to dig up the mass graves and burn the remains of victims. Eighteen inmates who escaped into hiding testified about those crimes to the Soviet authorities in November 1943. 

In January 1946, 15 members of the German police were tried in Kyiv by the Soviet court for the crimes committed at Babyn Yar. 

In the immediate decades after the war, Babyn Yar became a symbol of struggles over the memory of World War II and the Holocaust in the Soviet Union. 

Despite many efforts, there was no memorial at the site until the Soviets installed a monument in 1976. Deemphasizing the Jewish tragedy at Babyn Yar, the text on the monument referred to thousands of civilian victims without indicating that the vast majority of them were Jewish. 

Russia-Ukraine War: How tanks from Germany, US and UK could prolong the Ukraine war

This could be the week when the Russia-Ukraine war escalates to new levels. It is certainly a decisive moment, when a coalition of Western nations led by Germany, US and Britain confirming they are finally supplying modern-made main battle tanks to Kyiv.

Germany said it would send Leopard 2 tanks and the US said it would send M1 Abrams tanks. Both the UK and Poland have already made concrete pledges, and other western nations are expected to follow. Some military analysts have described the move as a potential "gamechanger or escalator" in the war, which has lasted more than a year now.

But is it really enough for Ukraine to win the war? 

Well, the Western tanks will make a difference in favour of Ukraine. 

In modern warfare, tanks have been a key element for offensive operations - to punch through enemy lines and retake territory. 

Used effectively, they provide mobile firepower, protection, shock and surprise. Concentrated in numbers, they can dislocate an enemy's defences. But they also need the support of artillery to first weaken those defences and then the support of infantry to hold retaken ground. 

History shows tanks alone don't win battles. The British first used hundreds of tanks at the battle of Cambrai in November 1917 - to end the deadlock of static trench warfare. Initially they made significant advances, but many tanks soon broke down and a German counter offensive turned British gains into losses. 

Tanks can also be used in defence. In 1940 they were used by the retreating British and French armies at Arras to stall the Nazi invasion, allowing the subsequent evacuation of British troops from Dunkirk.

But Ukraine has made clear that it wants weapons not just to stall any potential Russian spring offensive, but to retake its own territory - to go on the attack. 

If the Western pledges are firmed, Ukraine's armed forces could be boosted by more than 100 tanks. That would still fall well short of what Ukraine's overall military commander asked for.

Last October, General Valerii Zaluzhnyi said Ukraine needed an additional 300 tanks, 700 infantry fighting vehicles and 500 howitzers for his planned offensive this year. It might end up with just half of that.

The training required on the weapons will take time too - weeks if not months. And it's still not clear when all this equipment will arrive.

The US has indicated that its 31 M1 Abrams tanks might not be ready for months. Ukraine is also waiting for the West to respond to its repeated request for modern warplanes. An army attacking on the ground will need protection from the air.

Western officials had hoped that Ukraine may be able to mount an offensive as soon as this spring. They believe there is now a window of opportunity while Russia struggles to recruit and rebuild its battered forces, and to replenish its dwindling supplies of ammunition. 

The greatest challenge for Ukraine will be logistics - maintaining the flow of fuel, ammunition and spare parts. Ukraine is not just having to maintain its old Soviet-era arsenal, it is also having to worry about an increasingly complex inventory of Western supplied weapons. 

The UK is not just sending Ukraine 14 Challenger tanks, but also 30 artillery self-propelled guns and armoured vehicles to carry and protect troops.

That new package of military support also includes mine breaching and bridge-laying vehicles. In other words, the essential elements needed for any offensive operation.

The US is also providing Ukraine with more than 100 Bradley and Stryker armoured vehicles, and Germany 40 of its Marder infantry fighting vehicle - as well as tanks.

Tanks are the tip of the spear, designed to move quickly over open ground. The Challenger 2, Leopard 2 and M1 Abrams are faster than most Russian-made tanks with speeds of more than 25mph (40km per hour) on rough terrain.

To take ground quickly, with any element of surprise, they would likely avoid urban areas where they would be more vulnerable to attack. Russia showed early on in this war, in its failed attempt to surround Kyiv, that a long column of armour on a road is an easy target.

Russia-Ukraine war live: Kremlin defends retreat from occupied regions as Ukraine recaptures ‘dozens’ of towns

Moscow says the occupied Ukrainian regions ‘will be with Russia forever’ as Ukrainian forces continue rapid advance.

Summary of the day so far…

• The electricity supply to the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in southern Ukraine continues to be extremely precarious, the head of the UN nuclear watchdog has said. 

• 
  
• Russian President Vladimir Putin has signed the four laws ratifying the Russian Federation’s claimed annexation of the occupied Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia. Russian forces do not fully control any of the four areas, and it remains unclear where Russia is attempting to set its new external border.
• 
  
• Ukraine has made major and rapid advances this week, with President Volodymyr Zelensky saying in an address on Tuesday night that “dozens” of towns have been recaptured. Ukrainian forces captured the town of Dudchany on the west bank of the Dnipro River in their major advance in Kherson region, and in the east, Ukrainian forces were advancing after capturing Lyman, the main Russian bastion in the north of Donetsk province.
• 
  
• Pro-Russian leaders in the occupied regions have claimed that the situation is stabilising this morning. Denis Pushilin, installed as governor in Donetsk by Russia has said “the situation on the front line in the Lyman direction is stabilising, the defence line is being strengthened”, while Kirill Stremousov, part of the occupation administration imposed on Kherson, has been quoted saying that Russian forces were “conducting a regrouping in order to gather their strength and deliver a retaliatory blow” in the region, and “the advance of the armed forces of Ukraine in the Kherson direction has stopped”.
• 
  
• The UK ministry of defence has said in its daily operational briefing that “Ukraine continues to make progress in offensive operations along both the north-eastern and southern fronts. In the north-east, in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine has now consolidated a substantial area of territory east of the Oskil River.”
• 
  
• Russia’s foreign ministry has said the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant (ZNPP) will operate under the supervision of Russian agencies after the annexation declaration. Rafael Grossi, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, is expected to visit Moscow in the coming days to discuss the situation at the plant, which has been occupied by Russian forces since the earliest days of the war. Energoatom, the Ukrainian state-enterprise that owns the plant, has said it may restart it to ensure safety.
• 
  
• Oleksandr Starukh, Ukraine’s governor of Zaporizhzhia, said that overnight “the enemy fired rockets at the regional centre and the outskirts of the city. Infrastructure facilities were destroyed.”
• 
  
• President Zelenskiy has posted a series of images of damaged buildings across social media from recently liberated Lyman, with the message: “Our Lyman after the occupier. All basics of life have been destroyed here. They are doing so everywhere in the territories they seize. This can be stopped in one way only: liberate Ukraine, life, humanity, law and truth as soon as possible.”
• 
  
• Russian TV journalist Marina Ovsyannikova, famous for staging an on-air protest against Russia’s war in Ukraine, confirmed she had escaped house arrest over further charges of spreading fake news, saying she had no case to answer.
• 
  
• Anatoly Antonov, Russia’s ambassador to the United States, says Washington’s decision to send more military aid to Ukraine poses a threat to Moscow’s interests and increases the risk of a military clash between Russia and the west.

This is Ruzeki in Nairobi, and I will be updating you as major events occur. You can contact me at itsruzeki@gmail.com 

Referendums: Russia-Occupied regions of Ukraine (Eastern Donetsk, Luhansk, the southern Kherson and Zaporizhzhia) vote on joining Russia.

By Ruzeki, Shadow News

Updated 2130 EAT September 23, 2022 

The eastern Donetsk, Luhansk, the southern Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions of Ukraine begun voting Friday Sept. 23, 2022 on whether to become part of Russia, in referendums that Kyiv and the west have dismissed as 'sham'. 

Four Russian-occupied regions of Ukraine are voting in referendums on joining Russia (23-27 Sept 2022)

This week, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a mandatory troop mobilization of about 300,000 reservists, which also sparked resounding condemnation from the West. 

The mobilization comes after Ukrainian forces seized back most of the northeastern Kharkiv region in a huge counter-offensive that has seen Kyiv retaking hundreds of villages under Russian control for months. 

The four regions' integration into Russia, which for most political and security analysts is already a foregone conclusion, would represent a major new escalation of the Russia - Ukraine conflict. 

The U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in a UN Security Council session on Thursday, that U.S. will not allow President Putin to get away with war crimes as he lashed out against today's referendums as "sham".  

Today's referendums are reminiscent of a similar sort in 2014, which saw the Crimean Peninsula in Ukraine annexed by Russia. The official result from the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was a 97 percent vote for integration of the region into the Russian Federation with an 86 percent voter turnout. 

Referendums to join Russia is currently underway in the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, as well as Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions on Sept. 23-27.

Ballots in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions are having this question: "Are you in favor of secession from Ukraine, formation of an independent state by the region and its joining the Russian Federation as a subject of the Russian Federation?" 

The voting process in the four regions is untraditional given the short deadlines and the lack of technical equipment. It was decided not to hold electronic voting and use the traditional paper ballots. 

A billboard in Kherson region encouraging residents to turn out and vote

In addition, Referendum officials are going door-to-door for the first four days to collect votes, and then polling stations would be open on the final day, that is on Tuesday, for residents to cast ballots and the results of these referendums will be announced on the same day. 

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#UNGA77 General Debate Live, theme: A watershed moment; transformative solutions to interlocking challenges.

LIVE COVERAGE: Kenya’s President William Samoei Ruto will make his inaugural address at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on Wednesday night (around 9.00PM EAT) in New York City, USA.

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2022

By Ruzeki   

Shadow News  

Join us LIVE for the 77th United Nations General Assembly debate!  

From 20 - 26 September 2022, more than 100 world leaders, thousands of diplomats and advocates come together to deliver statements and tackle global challenges. 

The theme “A watershed moment: transformative solutions to interlocking challenges” has been proposed for the general debate at the seventy-seventh session, pursuant to resolution 58/126 (annex).

The UN Secretary-General, António Guterres, will introduce the annual report (A/77/1) on the activities of the Organization at the opening of the general debate. UN General debate website: https://gadebate.un.org/

The UN General Assembly (UNGA77) underway in New York, US.

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Kenya’s President William Samoei Ruto will make his inaugural address at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on Wednesday night in New York City, USA. 

Dr Ruto is expected to take the stage at around 9.00 PM EAT to deliver Kenya’s national statement.

In his first address to the United Nations, Dr Ruto will seek to promote Kenya’s Foreign Policy at the multilateral system, including enhancing participation in the quest for realisation of Sustainable Development Goals and global leadership in emerging issues such as climate change and the drought crisis sweeping the horn of Africa.

President William Ruto with Martin Kimani, Kenya’s Ambassador & Permanent Representative to the UN in New York and other Kenyan delegation during the opening of the 77th UN General Assembly

Wednesday, September 21, 2022 Scheduled Speakers: His Excellency Muhammadu Buhari, President, Federal Republic of Nigeria His Excellency Seyyed Ebrahim Raisi, President, Islamic Republic of Iran His Excellency Khurelsukh Ukhnaa, President, Mongolia His Excellency Paul Kagame, President, Republic of Rwanda His Excellency Šefik Džaferović, Chair of the Presidency, Bosnia and Herzegovina His Excellency Chandrikapersad Santokhi, President, Republic of Suriname His Excellency Joseph R.Biden, Jr., President, United States of America His Excellency Egils Levits, President, Republic of Latvia His Excellency Guillermo Lasso Mendoza, Constitutional President, Republic of Ecuador His Excellency Hakainde Hichilema, President, Republic of Zambia His Excellency Andry Nirina Rajoelina, President, Republic of Madagascar His Excellency Mohamed Younis Menfi, President of the Presidential Council, State of Libya Her Excellency Maia Sandu, President, Republic of Moldova His Excellency Hage Geingob, President, Republic of Namibia His Excellency Borut Pahor, President, Republic of Slovenia His Excellency William Samoei Ruto, President and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, Republic of Kenya His Excellency Ali Bongo Ondimba, President, Gabonese Republic His Excellency Mohamed Irfaan Ali, President, Co-operative Republic of Guyana Her Excellency Katalin Novák, President, Hungary His Excellency Alassane Ouattara, President, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire His Excellency Julius Maada Bio, President, Republic of Sierra Leone His Excellency Alar Karis, President, Republic of Estonia His Excellency Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, President, Republic of Ghana His Excellency José Maria Pereira Neves, President, Republic of Cabo Verde His Majesty King Mswati III, Head of State, Kingdom of Eswatini His Excellency Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President, Ukraine His Excellency Aleksandar Vučić, President, Republic of Serbia His Serene Highness Prince Albert II, Sovereign Prince, Monaco His Excellency Charles Angelo Savarin, President, Commonwealth of Dominica Her Excellency Elizabeth Truss, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland His Excellency Mohammad Najib Azmi Mikati, President of the Council of Ministers, Lebanese Republic Cuba Czechia South Africa Dominican Republic Costa Rica

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tuesday, September 20, 2022 Scheduled Speakers:

His Excellency Jair Messias Bolsonaro, President, Federative Republic of Brazil His Excellency Macky Sall, President, Republic of Senegal His Excellency Gabriel Boric Font, President, Republic of Chile His Majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein, King, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan His Excellency Gustavo Petro Urrego, President, Republic of Colombia His Excellency Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President, Republic of Türkiye His Excellency Sadyr Zhaparov, President, Kyrgyz Republic His Excellency Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President, Republic of Kazakhstan His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Amir, State of Qatar His Excellency Yoon Suk Yeol, President, Republic of Korea His Excellency Mario Abdo Benítez, President, Republic of Paraguay His Excellency Sauli Niinistö, President, Republic of Finland His Excellency Ignazio Cassis, President, Swiss Confederation Her Excellency Zuzana Čaputová, President, Slovak Republic His Excellency Emmanuel Macron, President, French Republic Her Excellency Iris Xiomara Castro Sarmiento, President, Republic of Honduras His Excellency Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos, President, Republic of the Philippines His Excellency Gitanas Nausėda, President, Republic of Lithuania His Excellency Klaus Werner Iohannis, President, Romania His Excellency Luis Alberto Arce Catacora, Constitutional President, Plurinational State of Bolivia His Excellency Pedro Castillo Terrones, President, Republic of Peru His Excellency David Kabua, President, Republic of the Marshall Islands His Excellency Rodrigo Chaves Robles, President, Republic of Costa Rica His Excellency Wavel Ramkalawan, President, Republic of Seychelles His Excellency Alberto Fernández, President, Argentine Republic His Excellency Andrzej Duda, President, Republic of Poland His Excellency Alejandro Giammattei Falla, President, Republic of Guatemala His Excellency Félix-Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo, President, Democratic Republic of the Congo His Excellency Faustin Archange Touadera, Head of State, Central African Republic His Excellency Nayib Armando Bukele, President, Republic of El Salvador His Excellency Kishida Fumio, Prime Minister, Japan His Excellency Olaf Scholz, Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany His Excellency Aziz Akhannouch, Head of Government, Kingdom of Morocco His Excellency Mario Draghi, President of the Council of Ministers, Republic of Italy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Support Shadow News Watch LIVE the debate of the General Assembly of the United Nations, in the Original Language Spoken: https://webtv.un.org

The Russia-India-China (RIC) trio showcases a substantial global influence...

What is RIC: RIC is the acronym coined to associate three major emerging economies: Russia, India and China. The RIC trio is known for its significant influence on world affairs.

By Ruzeki, Shadow News 

In Editing...

Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping...

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin...

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jingpin...

What you need to know about Monkeypox virus and how to protect yourself

Monkeypox is a poxvirus, which originates in wild animals like rodents and primates, and occasionally spreads to people through close physical contact with bodily fluids. 

Here're recommendations from the World Health Organisation (WHO) to PROTECT yourself against  the monkeypox virus. 

1. Avoid contact with infected people. 

2. Wear a face mask when in contact with someone with symptoms. 

3. Use condoms. 

4. Avoid contact with animals that could be carrying the virus.

5. Practice good hand hygiene. 

6. Use PPE when caring for patients. 

7. Only eat meat that has been cooked throughly.

Chinese and Russian nuclear bombers fly over Sea of Japan as Biden visits Tokyo.

Chinese and Russian strategic bombers flew over the Sea of Japan as President Joe Biden attended a Quad summit in Tokyo, in a joint exercise the Japanese government denounced it as “unacceptable”. 

The nuclear-capable bombers conducted a joint flight on Tuesday that began over the Sea of Japan as the US president was meeting his counterparts from Japan, Australia and India, Japanese and US officials said. 

Moscow said the 13-hour flight was carried out “strictly in accordance with the provisions of international law” and was not directed against third countries. But Nobuo Kishi, Japan’s defence minister, condemned the exercise as “provocative” and “unacceptable. 

Latest Updates on Ukraine-Russia War!

By Ruzeki, Shadow News 

In a speech marking Russia's Victory Day on Monday, President Vladimir Putin sought to link his country's struggle against Nazi Germany in World War Two with his invasion of Ukraine and baselessly claimed the West had given him no choice.

Putin said the intervention in Ukraine was necessary as the West was creating "threats next to our borders" and "preparing for the invasion of our land." 

He also said the West didn't want to hear Russia's proposals for dialogue.

"NATO countries did not want to hear us," Putin said, adding that that means "they had very different plans and we could see that."

"Russia gave a preemptive rebuff to aggression -- it was a forced and sovereign decision," he said.

Putin told troops that "today you are defending what your grandfathers and great-grandfathers fought for."

He also addressed the soldiers of Donbas" who "together with Russian soldiers" are fighting for the "motherland." Donbas, a sprawling heartland region that blankets much of eastern Ukraine, has been the front line of Ukraine's conflict with Russia since 2014.

Fighting has intensified in the region in recent weeks as Putin refocused his war strategy following stiff resistance from Ukrainian forces.

"I address the servicemen of Donbas," Putin said in the speech. "You are fighting for the motherland, for its future, so that lessons of World War Two are not forgotten," he said, adding, "there is no place in history for the punitive divisions of Nazis."

"We bow our heads in the memory of our comrades in arms who died in the just struggle for Russia," he said. 

After those remarks, a moment of silence followed.  

What you need to know: 

● US First Lady Jill Biden made an unannounced trip on Sunday to Uzhhorod, Ukraine, where she met with Ukraine's First Lady Olena Zelenska at a converted school, which is now used as temporary housing for displaced citizens. 

● Ukraine has accused Russia of dropping a bomb on a school in Luhansk region where 90 people were taking shelter. It is feared that sixty people are dead. 

● The Ukrainian government said that all women, children and elderly people have been evacuated from the Azovstal steel plant in Mariupol. President Volodymyr Zelensky said more than 300 civilians have been rescued. 

● US President Joe Biden will meet virtually with the Ukrainian President and his G7 counterparts during a meeting of the G7 forum on Sunday, deliberately scheduled ahead of Russia's Victory Day. 

● Kyiv’s mayor is urging citizens to "be aware" and stay inside Sunday into Monday during the period surrounding Russia's annual Victory Day as Western officials warn Russian President Vladimir Putin could officially declare war on May 9, allowing him to step up his invasion  campaign.

DEBRIEF: How many sovereign countries has US military invaded?

 US Military Invasions and operations in Sovereign Countries, 1798 to 2022. Note: US operations in World Wars I & II have been excluded. 

1798-1800: France.

Undeclared naval war against France, US marines invaded Puerto Plata.

1801-1805: Tripoli.

War with Tripoli (Libya), called "First Barbary War".

1806: Spanish Mexico. 

US Military force invade Spanish territory in headwaters of the Rio Grande.

1806-1810: Spanish and French in Caribbean. 

US naval vessels attack French and Spanish shipping in the Caribbean.

1810: Spanish West Florida.

US Troops invade and seize Western Florida, a Spanish possession.

1812: Spanish East Florida

US Troops invade and seize Amelia Island and adjacent territories.

1812: Britain. 

War of 1812, includes US naval and land operations.

1813: Marquesas Island

US Forces seize Nukahiva and establish first US naval base in the Pacific.

1814: Spanish (East Florida)

US Troops invade and seize Pensacola in Spanish East Florida.

1814-1825: French, British and Spanish in Caribbean. 

US naval squadron engages French, British and Spanish shipping in the Caribbean.

1815: Algiers and Tripoli

US naval fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur wages "Second Barbary War" in North Africa.

1816-1819: Spanish East Florida

US Troops attack and seize Nicholls' Fort, Amelia Island and other strategic locations. Spain eventually cedes East Florida to the US.

1822-1825: Spanish Cuba and Puerto Rico

US Marines land in numerous cities in the Spanish island of Cuba and also in Spanish Puerto Rico.

1827: Greece

US Marines invade the Greek islands of Argentiere, Miconi and Andross.

1831: Falkland/Malvinas Islands. 

US naval squadrons aggress the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.

1832: Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. 

US naval squadrons attack Qallah Battoo.

1833 Argentina Forces land in Buenos Aires and engage local combatants.

1835-1836: Peru. 

US Troops dispatched twice for counter-insurgency operations.

1836: Mexico. 

US Troops assist Texas war for independence.

1837: Canada

US Naval incident on the Canadian border leads to mobilization of a large force to invade Canada. War is narrowly averted.

1838: Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. 

US naval forces sent to Sumatra for punitive expedition.

1840-1841: Fiji. 

US Naval forces deployed, marines land.

1841: Samoa. 

US Naval forces deployed, marines land.

1842: Mexico. 

US Naval forces temporarily seize cities of Monterey and San Diego.

1843: China. 

US Marines invaded Canton.

1843: Ivory Coast. 

US Marines invaded the country.

1846-1848: Mexico

Full-scale war. Mexico cedes half of its territory to the US by the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo.

1849: Ottoman Empire (Turkey). 

US Naval force dispatched to Smyrna.

1852-1853: Argentina. 

US Marines land in Buenos Aires.

1854: Nicaragua. 

US Navy bombards and largely destroys city of San Juan del Norte. Marines land and set fire to the city.

1854: Japan. 

Commodore Perry and his fleet deploy at Yokohama.

1855: Uruguay. 

US Marines land in Montevideo.

1856: Colombia (Panama Region). 

US Marines land for counter-insurgency campaign.

1856: China. 

US Marines deployed in Canton.

1856: Hawaii. 

US Naval forces seize small islands of Jarvis, Baker and Howland in the Hawaiian Islands.

1857: Nicaragua. 

US Marines invaded the country. 

1858: Uruguay. 

US Marines land in Montevideo.

1858: Fiji. 

US Marines invaded the country. 

1859: Paraguay. 

Large US naval force deployed.

1859: China. 

US Troops enter Shanghai.

1859: Mexico. 

US Military force enters northern area.

1860: Portuguese West Africa. 

US Troops land at Kissembo.

1860: Colombia (Panama Region). 

US Troops and naval forces deployed.

1863: Japan. 

US Troops land at Shimonoseki.

1864: Japan. 

US Troops landed in Yedo.

1865: Colombia (Panama Region). 

US Marines invaded the country. 

1866: Colombia (Panama Region). 

US Troops invade and seize Matamoros, later withdraw.

1866: China. 

US Marines land in Newchwang.

1867: Nicaragua. 

US Marines land in Managua and Leon in Nicaragua.

1867: Formosa Island (Taiwan). 

US Marines laninvaded the country.

1867: Midway Island. 

US Naval forces seize this island in the Hawaiian Archipelago for a naval base.

1868: Japan. 

US Naval forces deployed at Osaka, Hiogo, Nagasaki, Yokohama and Negata.

1868: Uruguay. 

US Marines land at Montevideo.

1870: Colombia. 

US Marines landed.

1871: Korea. 

US Forces landed.

1873: Colombia (Panama Region). 

US Marines landed.

1874: Hawaii. 

US Sailors and marines landed.

1876: Mexico. 

US Army again occupies Matamoros.

1882: British Egypt. 

US Troops land.

1885: Colombia (Panama Region). 

US Troops land in Colon and Panama City.

1885 Samoa. 

US Naval force deployed.

1887 Hawaii. 

US Navy gains right to build permanent naval base at Pearl Harbor.

1888 Haiti. 

US Troops landed.

1888 Samoa. 

US Marines landed.

1889 Samoa. 

US forces clash with German naval forces.

1890 Argentina. 

US sailors land in Buenos Aires.

1891 Chile. 

US sailors land in the major port city of Valparaiso.

1891 Haiti. 

US Marines land on US-claimed Navassa Island.

1893 Hawaii. 

US Marines and other naval forces land and overthrow the monarchy. Read More | President Cleveland's Message

1894 Nicaragua. 

US Marines land at Bluefields on the eastern coast.

1894-1895 China. 

US Marines are stationed at Tientsin and Beijing. A naval ship takes up position at Newchwang.

1894-1896 Korea Marines land and remain in Seoul.

1895 Colombia. 

US Marines are sent to the town Bocas del Toro.

1896 Nicaragua. 

US Marines land in the port of Corinto.

1898 Nicaragua. 

US Marines land at the port city of San Juan del Sur.

1898 Guam. 

US Naval forces seize Guam Island from Spain and the US holds the island permanently.

1898 Cuba. 

US Naval and land forces seize Cuba from Spain.

1898 Puerto Rico. 

US Naval and land forces seize Puerto Rico from Spain and the US holds the island permanently.

1898 Philippines. 

US Naval forces defeat the Spanish fleet and the US takes control of the country.

1899 Philippines. 

US Military units are reinforced for extensive counter-insurgency operations.

1899 Samoa. 

US Naval forces land

1899 Nicaragua. 

US Marines land at the port city of Bluefields.

1900: China. 

US forces intervene in several cities.

1901: Colombia/Panama. 

US Marines land.

1902: Colombia/Panama. 

US forces land in Bocas de Toro

1903: Colombia/Panama

With US backing, a group in northern Colombia declares independence as the state of Panama

1903: Guam. 

US Navy begins development in Apra Harbor of a permanent base installation.

1903: Honduras. 

US Marines go ashore at Puerto Cortez.

1903: Dominican Republic. 

US Marines land in Santo Domingo.

1904-1905: Korea. 

US Marines land and stay in Seoul.

1906-1909: Cuba. 

US Marines land. The US builds a major naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

1907: Nicaragua. 

US Troops seize major centers.

1907: Honduras. 

US Marines land and take up garrison in cities of Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma.

1908: Panama. 

US Marines land and carry out operations.

1910: Nicaragua. 

US Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto.

1911: Honduras. 

US Marines intervene.

1911-1941: China. 

The US builds up its military presence in the country to a force of 5000 troops and a fleet of 44 vessels patrolling China's coast and rivers.

1912: Cuba. 

US sends army troops into combat in Havana.

1912: Panama. 

US Army troops intervene.

1912: Honduras. 

US Marines land.

1912-1933: Nicaragua. 

US Marines intervene. A 20-year occupation of the country follows.

1913: Mexico. 

US Marines land at Ciaris Estero.

1914: Dominican Republic. 

US Naval forces engage in battles in the city of Santo Domingo.

1914: Mexico

US forces seize and occupy Mexico's major port city of Veracrus from April through November.

1915-1916: Mexico. 

An expeditionary force of the US Army under Gen. John J. Pershing crosses the Texas border and penetrates several hundred miles into Mexican territory. Eventually reinforced to over 11,000 officers and men.

1914-1934 Haiti Troops land, aerial bombardment leading to a 19-year military occupation.

1916-1924 Dominican Republic Military intervention leading to 8-year occupation.

1917-1933 Cuba Landing of naval forces. Beginning of a 15-year occupation.

1918-1920 Panama Troops intervene, remain on "police duty" for over 2 years.

1918-1922 Russia Naval forces and army troops fight battles in several areas of the country during a five- year period.

1919 Yugoslavia Marines intervene in Dalmatia.

1919 Honduras Marines land.

1920 Guatemala Troops intervene.

1922 Turkey Marines engaged in operations in Smyrna (Izmir).

1922-1927 China Naval forces and troops deployed during 5-year period.

1924-1925 Honduras Troops land twice in two-year period.

1925 Panama Marines land and engage in operations.

1927-1934 China Marines and naval forces stationed throughout the country.

1932 El Salvador Naval forces intervene.

1933 Cuba Naval forces deployed.

1934 China Marines land in Foochow.

1946 Iran Troops deployed in northern province.

1946-1949 China Major US army presence of about 100,000 troops, fighting, training and advising local combatants.

1947-1949 Greece US forces wage a 3-year counterinsurgency campaign.

1948 Italy Heavy CIA involvement in national elections.

1948-1954 Philippines Commando operations, "secret" CIA war.

1950-1953 Korea Major forces engaged in war in Korean peninsula.

1953 Iran CIA overthrows government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh. Read More

1954 Vietnam Financial and materiel support for colonial French military operations, leads eventually to direct US military involvement.

1954 Guatemala CIA overthrows the government of President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman.

1958 Lebanon US marines and army units totaling 14,000 land.

1958 Panama Clashes between US forces in Canal Zone and local citizens.

1959 Haiti Marines land.

1960 Congo CIA-backed overthrow and assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba.

1960-1964 Vietnam Gradual introduction of military advisors and special forces.

1961: Cuba. 

CIA-backed Bay of Pigs invasion.

1962: Cuba. 

US use Nuclear threat and naval blockade. 

1962: Laos. 

CIA-backed military coup. 

1963: Ecuador.  

@CIA backs military overthrow of President Jose Maria Valesco Ibarra. 

1964: Panama. 

US military forces invaded the Canal Zone and fought the local citizens. 

1964: Brazil. 

CIA-backed military coup overthrows the government of Joao Goulart and install Gen. Castello Branco to power. 

1965-1975: Vietnam. 

Large military invasion, including air, naval and ground units numbering up to 500,000+ troops. Full-scale war, lasting for ten years. 

1965: Indonesia.  

CIA-backed army coup overthrows President Sukarno and install Gen. Suharto to power. 

1965: Congo. 

CIA backed military coup overthrows President Joseph Kasavubu and install  Joseph Mobutu to power. 

1965: Dominican Republic. 

23,000 US troops invade. 

1965-1973: Laos. 

Heavy US military invasion, which lasted for eight years. 

1966: Ghana . 

CIA-backed military coup ousts President Kwame Nkrumah. 

1966-1967: Guatemala. 

Extensive military invasion by US troops. 

1969-1975: Cambodia. 

CIA supports military coup against Prince Sihanouk, install Lon Nol to power. Intensive bombing for seven years along Vietnamese border. 

1970: Oman. 

US Military invasion.

1971-1973: Laos. 

Invasion by US forces. 

1973: Chile. 

CIA-backed military coup ousts government of President Salvador Allende and install Gen. Augusto Pinochet. 

1975: Cambodia. 

US Marines invade and engage in combat with government forces. 

1976-1992: Angola.

US Military and CIA interventions. 

1980: Iran . 

US Special operations units land in Iranian desert. Helicopter malfunction leads to aborting of planned raid. 

1981: Libya.

US Naval jets shoot down two Libyan jets in maneuvers over the Mediterranean sea. 

1981-1992: El Salvador. 

CIA and US special forces begin a long military intervention. 

1981-1990: Nicaragua. 

CIA directs exile "Contra" operations. US air units drop sea mines in harbors. 

1982-1984: Lebanon. 

US Marines land and naval forces fire on local combatants. 

1983: Grenada. 

US Military forces invade Grenada. 

1983-1989: Honduras. 

Large program of military intervention Nicaragua. 

1984: Iran . 

Two Iranian jets shot down over the Persian Gulf by the US. 

1986: Libya. 

US aircraft bomb the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, including direct strikes at the official residence of President Muamar al Qadaffi. 

1986: Bolivia. 

US Special Forces units engage in a civil war. 

1987-1988: Iran. 

US Naval forces block Iranian shipping. Iranian Civilian airliner was shot down by a US missile cruiser. 

1989: Libya. 

US Naval aircraft shoot down two Libyan jets over Gulf of Sidra. 

1989: Philippines.

CIA and US Special Forces involved in a civil war. 

1989-1990: Panama. 

27,000 US troops as well as naval and air power used to overthrow government of President Noriega. 

1990: Liberia . 

US troops deployed. 

1990-1991: Iraq.

Major military invasion, including naval blockade, air strikes; large number of troops attack Iraqi forces Kenya occupied Kuwait. 

1991-2003: Iraq. 

Control of Iraqi airspace in north and south of the country while carrying out  periodic attacks on air and ground targets(Iraqis). 

1991: Haiti. 

CIA-backed military coup ousts President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. 

1992-1994: Somalia. 

US Special operations forces invaded the country. 

1992-1994: Yugoslavia. Major role in NATO blockade of Serbia and Montenegro. 

1993-1995: Bosnia. 

Active military invasion with air and ground forces. 

1994-1996: Haiti . 

US troops depose military rulers and restore President Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power. 

1995: Croatia. 

Krajina Serb airfields attacked by US forces. 

1996-1997: Congo.

US Marines involved in operations in eastern region of the country. 

1997: Liberia. 

US troops deployed.

1998: Sudan. 

US Air strikes destroy country's major pharmaceutical plant. 

1998: Afghanistan. 

Attack on targets in the country. 

1998: Iraq . 

Four days of intensive air and missile strikes. 

1999: Yugoslavia.  

The US was largely involved in NATO air strikes. 

2001: Macedonia.

NATO troops shift and partially disarm Albanian rebels.

2001-2021: Afghanistan. 

Air attacks and ground operations oust Taliban government and install a puppet regime. 

And after 20 years of war, the Americans  were defeated by the Taliban and Afghanis. 

2003-present: Iraq. 

Invasion with large ground, air and naval forces ousts government of Saddam Hussein, vows to destroy WMD and establishes new government. 

Another invasion and occupation force of 150,000 troops in protracted counter-insurgency war. 

2004: Haiti. 

US Marines and CIA-backed forces invade and overthrow President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in a bloody war.